Miniaturists After the Restoration

Samuel Cooper carried on his successful business in London even after the execution of Charles I in 1649. When Charles II returned from exile in France in 1660, Cooper immediately won commissions from the new court. It is possible to see his bold brushwork in the Duchess of Orleans 's springy ringlets.

Competition came from Richard Gibson,  who became the king's miniaturist after Cooper's death in 1672. Younger rivals included Nicholas Dixon and Peter Cross. Dixon blended his brushstrokes for a glossy finish, while Peter Cross created a soft-focus effect with delicate touches and dots.

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