Japanese lacquer

日本の漆

Lacquer (urushi) has been used to produce both utilitarian objects and works of art in Japan for millennia. Japanese lacquer is made from the sap of the Rhus vernicifera (Toxicodendron vernix) tree, a species of the family Anacardiaceae. Sap is harvested, processed, and then used to create lacquer objects. Useful information about the preparation and application of lacquer can be found at the following websites:

Lacquer background and decoration: how was it made?
髹漆と加飾

In order to understand the lacquering processes used on the Mazarin Chest, several very small samples were taken for microscopic analysis. The purpose of the microscopy was to identify the materials used in the making of the chest, to identify and understand the nature of past western restorations, to ascertain the stratigraphy of the foundation and black lacquer layers, and to help understand the manufacturing techniques employed. Microscopy under visible and UV light were used to examine the samples (prepared as either cross sections or thin sections). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was also undertaken to investigate the elemental composition of metal finishes and other decorative elements.

マザラン・チェストに使われた漆芸技法を解明するために、極小の試料を数点用意し、電子顕微鏡で分析しました。電子顕微鏡観察の目的は、使用材料の検証、西洋で行われた後世修理の性質の評価、下地層と漆塗膜層の塗り順序の検証、そして制作技法の理解にありました。可視光線、紫外線の下に試料(断面および薄切片試料)が観察されました。金属仕上げ部分ならびに金属加飾部分の基本組成の調査には、蛍光X線分析も行われました。

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Cross section showing the full stratigraphy of the surface structure of the Mazarin Chest - マザラン・チェストの下地構造の全層序を示した断面図
Cross section showing the upper layers of a sample from the Mazarin Chest decorated with sprinkled gold (maki-e) - マザラン・チェスト下地上層と蒔絵部分の断面試料
Cross section of a sample from the Mazarin Chest with metal foil (hyomon) decoration - マザラン・チェストから採取された平文部分の断面試料
Light damage to lacquer surface visible in a cross section viewed under UV light (1), and in a thin section viewed in visible light (2) - 光劣化の状態が観察できる、紫外線下の漆塗膜の断面(1)、および可視光下の薄切片(2)
XRF spectrum from an area of silver showing silver as the predominant element, with traces of  gold, mercury, copper, lead and iron - 銀を主元素とし、微量の金、水銀、銅、鉛、鉄を含む銀加飾部分のXRF(蛍光X線分析)スペクトル