Medal striking & casting
Casting a medal
This page shows the stages involved in designing and casting a contemporary medal. As an example, it uses the John Charles Robinson medal that the V&A commissioned from the artist Felicity Powell in 2002. Robinson was Curator of Sculpture at the South Kensington Museum (now the V&A) and acquired many important works for the collection in the 1850s and 1860s.
At its simplest, a medal is cast by pouring molten metal into a mould and letting it solidify. The process usually begins with preparatory drawings. From these, the artist develops a model. This may be made from plaster, beeswax or, as was common in Germany during the Renaissance, carved fruitwood or stone. When the models for each face are complete, a negative mould is taken.
The casting is usually done by a specialist foundry. Gold, silver or, more commonly, a copper alloy such as bronze are the preferred metals. Once the metal has solidified, the medal is freed from the mould and cleaned. Fine detail is enhanced (chased) with metalworking tools and the surface of the medal may be patinated by applying chemical solutions to give different colour effects.
The John Charles Robinson Medal, Felicity Powell, 2002. Cast by Alan Dunn, London, England, 2002. Hollow cast bronze, patinated with copper sulphate. Commissioned by the V&A with funding from an anonymous donor. Museum no. A.5-2002
Sketchbook, Felicity Powell, 2001-2. Graphite on paper. Museum no. E.1034-2003. Given by the artist.
The drawings show Powell exploring an idea that she later translated into the design for the reverse of the Robinson medal. She took the hands from the carved figures in The Annunciation by Arnolfo di Cambio of about 1300. Robinson bought this work for the Museum in 1861.
Model for the reverse of the medal, Felicity Powell, 2002. Plaster. Museum no. A.7-2002. Given by the artist.
This is one of the models that Powell developed during the evolution of her design.
Bronze Medal (reverse view), Felicity Powell, cast by Alan Dunn, London, England 2004. Cast bronze. Museum no. A.10-2004
The final version was cast using ceramic shell technique, which has originally developed for precision castings. It is ideally suited to casting small-scale objects and was first used by artists in the 1950s. The wax is surrounded by a shell of ceramic particles bound together. As the shell is porous there is no need to construct vents to allow the gas given off during casting to escape.
'John Charles Robinson Medal', Felicity Powell, 2002. Cast by Alan Dunn, London, England, 2002. Patinated cast bronze. Museum no. A.5-2002. Commissioned by the V&A with funding from an anonymous donor.
Surface treatments greatly affect our appreciation of a medal. Here Powell has applied a copper nitrate solution, under heat, to give a greenish-blue patination (a chemical alteration of a metal surface, resulting in a change of colour). Unusually, she has left the edge unpatinated. Instead, she has polished it and stamped it with Robinson's full name and dates, adding also the cryptic message 'From Few to Many'.
Striking a medal
Struck medals can be made in large numbers. Each medal is formed mechanically by the force of two engraved metal dies pressing the image on to a blank disc of softer metal held between them. Struck medals are generally designed in low relief and have crisp, sharp outlines. Most of the examples here were made for the Great Exhibition, held in London in 1851.

Council Medal, William Wyon
Council of the Great Exhibition Medal (obverse view)
William Wyon (1795-1851)
England (London)
1851
Bronze, struck
Museum no. 6028-1852
Given by the Royal Commissioners for the 1851 Great Exhibition
The obverse of the finished struck medal shows the busts of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in relief.
View the reverse of this medal

Duval Janvier, Medallists
Duval Janvier, Medallists (obverse view)
Alexandre Louis Marie Charpentier (1856-1909)
France (Paris)
1900
Bronze, struck; plaquette
Museum no. A.32-1978
Given by Mrs J. Hull Grundy
The obverse of this Art Nouveau plaquette in celebration of the company Duval Janvier shows a man operating a striking machine.
View the reverse of this medal
British Design 1948–2012: Innovation in the Modern Age
31 March–12 August 2012
Showcasing over 300 British design objects, this exhibition celebrates the best of British post-war art and design from the 1948 ‘Austerity Games' to the summer of 2012.
More detailsShop online
German Renaissance Medals
This first scholarly work on German medals in English, examines their origins, purposes, contexts and identification guidelines.
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