In ancient and early medieval India, hermits used caves as places of meditation and retreat.

This led to underground monasteries and temples being carved into hillsides. They included both Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries and halls of worship. Within the huge caves, elaborate forms were hewn into the rock. Outside, freestanding rock temples were also carved.

Their features include imposing façades, finely sculpted columns and ceilings carved to imitate wooden vaulting. There were also shrines, sculptures of gods and sophisticated wall paintings.